The COVID-19-related challenges and coping strategies among international students

An integrative review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/q045mk90

Keywords:

international student, COVID-19, cop, challeng, experience, perspective

Abstract

This integrative review identifies COVID-19-related challenges among international university students and explores their coping strategies and university support. To the best of our knowledge, this integrative review is the first to address both the challenges encountered by international students during the pandemic comprehensively and their coping strategies. Using Whittemore and Knafl’s five-step integrative review method, a systematic search was conducted across six databases and Google Scholar in February 2025, yielding 26 relevant studies. Two main themes and six subthemes were identified. The first theme focuses on challenges, including financial, psychological, and online learning impacts, as well as discrimination. The second theme highlights coping strategies, encompassing self-developing coping strategies and university support. In conclusion, international students have encountered numerous challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Author Biographies

  • Lina Almadadha, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

    Lina Almadadha is a PhD candidate at the University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery. Her research interests focus on cultural diversity in health and education. She is skilled in both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, data analysis, and academic storytelling. Lina’s dedication and strong research capabilities have contributed meaningfully to advancing knowledge in her field. Email: lina.almadadha@student.uts.edu.au

     

  • Leila Golizadeh, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

    Leila Gholizadeh is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney. She is an internationally recognized researcher in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and management. Her work explores individual and sociocultural influences on CVD development, treatment-seeking behaviors, disease experience, and recovery. Key areas of focus include risk perception, medication adherence, self-care, cardiac rehabilitation, and patient experiences. She has employed a range of research methodologies, including both qualitative and quantitative designs, to investigate these complex issues. Email:leila.gholizadeh@uts.edu.au

  • Suzanne Sheppard-Law, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

    Suzanne Sheppard-Law is an Associate Professor of Person-Centered Nursing Research at the Prince of Wales Hospital & Sydney Hospital & Sydney Eye Hospital and the University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, School of Nursing & Midwifery. Her programme of research builds on her clinical expertise and knowledge of the healthcare sector, having worked as a SESLHD Health Service Manager (HSM2) for 18 months and a Clinical Nurse Consultant for 15 years in acute, primary and outreach community-based healthcare settings across adult, antenatal, and pediatric populations. Suzanne has over 500 citations from her publications. She has received a total of $1,000,000 in funding as the principal or coinvestigator. She is a recipient of a NSW Health Premier's Award for her collaborative research and clinical care working with people subject to homelessness. Email: Suzanne.sheppard-law@uts.edu.au

References

Backman, B., George, N., Whiteside, B., McKay, F. H., & Dunn, M. (2025). Investigating the impact of COVID‐19 on international student wellbeing in Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 36(2), e926.

Baloran, E. T. (2024). Knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and coping strategies of students during COVID-19 pandemic. In Loss and Trauma in the COVID-19 Era (pp. 134-141). Routledge.

Billah, M., Rutherford, S., Akhter, S., & Tanjeela, M. (2023). Exploring mental health challenges and coping strategies in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1152366.

Cairns, D., França, T., Calvo, D. M., & de Azevedo, L. (2021). An immobility turn? The Covid-19 pandemic, mobility capital and international students in Portugal. Mobilities, 16(6), 874-887.

Cairns, D., França, T., Calvo, D. M., & de Azevedo, L. F. (2022). Immobility, precarity and the Covid-19 pandemic: the impact of lockdown on international students in Portugal. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(9), 1301-1315.

Calder, M. J., Richter, S., Mao, Y., Kovacs Burns, K., Mogale, R. S., & Danko, M. (2016). International students attending Canadian universities: Their experiences with housing, finances, and other issues. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 46(2), 92-110.

Charbonnier, E., Trémolière, B., Baussard, L., Goncalves, A., Lespiau, F., Philippe, A. G., & Le Vigouroux, S. (2022). Effects of an online self-help intervention on university students’ mental health during COVID-19: A nonrandomized controlled pilot study. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 5, 100175.

Chen, J., Qi, T., Liu, L., Ling, Y., Qian, Z., Li, T., Li, F., Xu, Q., Zhang, Y., & Xu, S. (2020). Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. Journal of Infection, 80(5), e1-e6.

Chen, W. (2020). International students’ coping strategies and psychological adaptation during early the COVID-19 outbreak period in China. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(08), 29.

Chengying, L., & Sagubo, E. M. (2025). Inclusive student management practices: strategies to support diverse and underrepresented student groups. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications, 14(03), 15 – 20,.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Mass gatherings. (2020). from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-mass-gatherings

Crawford, J., Butler-Henderson, K., Rudolph, J., Malkawi, B., Glowatz, M., Burton, R., Magni, P. A., & Lam, S. (2020). COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher education intraperiod digital pedagogy responses. Journal of applied learning & teaching, 3(1), 1-20.

Firang, D. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on international students in Canada. International Social Work, 63(6), 820-824.

Firang, D., & Mensah, J. (2022). Exploring the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students and universities in Canada. Journal of International Students, 12(1), 1-18.

Gao, N., Eissenstat, S. J., Wacha-Montes, A., & Wang, Y. (2024). The experiences and impact on wellness among international students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of American College Health, 72(2), 361-365.

Hannigan, B., & Saini, S. (2020). Learning in Lockdown: A case study of international student experiences of the COVID-19 lockdown. Scope: Contemporary Research Topics (Learning & Teaching), 9, 24-29.

Hari, A., Nardon, L., & Zhang, H. (2023). A transnational lens into international student experiences of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Global Networks, 23(1), 14-30.

Honegger, M., & Honegger, R. (2020). The lived experiences of international students in higher education during covid-19. Research Issues in Contemporary Education, 5(3), 72-93.

Hong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., & Nicolau, B. (2018). Mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT), version 2018. Registration of copyright, 1148552(10), 1-7.

Hopia, H., Latvala, E., & Liimatainen, L. (2016). Reviewing the methodology of an integrative review. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(4), 662-669.

Humphrey, A., & Forbes-Mewett, H. (2021). Social value systems and the mental health of international students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Students, 11(S2), 58-76.

Ivanova, P. (2021). International student support organisations in Japan and Australia: response to the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of the Asia-Japan Research Institute of Ritsumeikan University, 3, 63.

Kanninen, T., Häggman‐Laitila, A., Tervo‐Heikkinen, T., & Kvist, T. (2021). An integrative review on interventions for strengthening professional governance in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(6), 1398-1409.

Kivelä, L., Mouthaan, J., Van der Does, W., & Antypa, N. (2024). Student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Are international students more affected? Journal of American college health, 72(2), 414-422.

Koo, K. K., Yao, C. W., & Gong, H. J. (2023). “It is not my fault”: Exploring experiences and perceptions of racism among international students of color during COVID-19. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 16(3), 284.

Koris, R., Mato-Díaz, F. J., & Hernández-Nanclares, N. (2021). From real to virtual mobility: Erasmus students’ transition to online learning amid the COVID-19 crisis. European Educational Research Journal, 20(4), 463-478.

Lee, S., & Waters, S. F. (2021). Asians and Asian Americans’ experiences of racial discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on health outcomes and the buffering role of social support. Stigma and Health, 6(1), 70.

Lin, C., Tong, Y., Bai, Y., Zhao, Z., Quan, W., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Song, Y., Tian, J., & Dong, W. (2022). Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students in US colleges during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Plos one, 17(4), e0267081.

Lu, L., Wang, X., Wang, X., Guo, X., & Pan, B. (2022). Association of Covid-19 pandemic-related stress and depressive symptoms among international medical students. BMC psychiatry, 22, 1-11.

Maleku, A., Kim, Y. K., Kirsch, J., Um, M. Y., Haran, H., Yu, M., & Moon, S. S. (2022). The hidden minority: Discrimination and mental health among international students in the US during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Health & social care in the community, 30(5), e2419-e2432.

Masud, N. A., Suborna, T. N., Hosan, S., & Hassan, M. J. (2021). Living Experience of International Students during COVID-19: A study at Huzhou University, China. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 6(3).

Mbous, Y. P. V., Mohamed, R., & Rudisill, T. M. (2024). International students' challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in a university in the United States: A focus group study. Current Psychology, 43(9), 8325-8337.

Menge, R., & Kayonga, C. S. (2022). Coping strategies among international students during COVID-19 in Sweden. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 7(5).

Misirlis, N., Zwaan, M. H., & Weber, D. (2020). International students' loneliness, depression and stress levels in COVID-19 crisis. The role of social media and the host university. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.12806.

Moscaritolo, L. B., Perozzi, B., Schreiber, B., & Luescher, T. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on international student support: A global perspective. Journal of International Students, 12(2).

Muhammad, G. (2023). Trends and innovations in the prospects of distance learning. Journal of Education and Finance Review, 2(1), 41-53.

Ntinda, K., & Ngozwana, N. (2021). International Higher Education Psychological Experiences of Covid-19: A qualitative Study. CS & IT Conference Proceedings,

OECD., (2007). Indicators available from: http://www.oecd. org/document/23/0, 2340, en_2825_495656_33987543_1_1_1 1, 00. html.

Pappa, S., Yada, T., & Perälä-Littunen, S. (2020). International master’s degree students’ well-being at a Finnish university during COVID-19. Open Education Studies, 2(1), 240-251.

Peng, X., Xu, X., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., & Ren, B. (2020). Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International journal of oral science, 12(1), 9.

Porritt, K., Gomersall, J., & Lockwood, C. (2014). JBI's systematic reviews: study selection and critical appraisal. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 114(6), 47-52.

Sarwar, H., Akhtar, H., Naeem, M. M., Khan, J. A., Waraich, K., Shabbir, S., Hasan, A., & Khurshid, Z. (2020). Self-reported effectiveness of e-Learning classes during COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide survey of Pakistani undergraduate dentistry students. European journal of dentistry, 14(S 01), S34-S43.

Singhal, T. (2020). A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The indian journal of pediatrics, 87(4), 281-286.

Smith, R. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 699-713.

Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546-553.

Wilczewski, M., Gorbaniuk, O., & Giuri, P. (2021). The psychological and academic effects of studying from the home and host country during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 644096.

Wu, H.-p., Garza, E., & Guzman, N. (2015). International student’s challenge and adjustment to college. Education research international, 2015(1), 202753.

Xiong, Y., Rose Parasath, P., Zhang, Q., & Jeon, L. (2024). International students’ perceived discrimination and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of American College Health, 72(3), 869-880.

Xu, X., & Tran, L. T. (2022). A qualitative investigation into Chinese international doctoral students’ navigation of a disrupted study trajectory during COVID-19. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(5), 553-571.

Xu, Y., Gibson, D., Pandey, T., Jiang, Y., & Olsoe, B. (2021). The lived experiences of Chinese international college students and scholars during the initial COVID-19 quarantine period in the United States. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 43, 534-552.

Downloads

Published

2025-09-14

How to Cite

Almadadha, L., Golizadeh, L., & Sheppard-Law, S. (2025). The COVID-19-related challenges and coping strategies among international students: An integrative review. Journal of International Students, 15(10), 85-114. https://doi.org/10.32674/q045mk90