Examining the relationship between acculturation levels, help-seeking attitudes, and self-stigma perspectives among international students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/n87fse48Keywords:
Acculturation level, Help-seeking attitudes, Self-stigma, International counseling students (ICS), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)Abstract
This study examined the relationship between acculturation level, help-seeking attitude, and self-stigma among international students enrolled in the graduate counseling program (ICS) within the United States. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) served as the theoretical framework. Using the TPB construct in the context of mental health concerns, this study investigated the relationship between acculturation level, help-seeking attitude, and self-stigma. The data from ASSIS, IASMHS, and SSOSH were analyzed using the Pearson product moment correlation (Pearson r). It was found that the Pearson product-moment correlational analysis between the variables concluded a strong direct correlation between the acculturation level and the help-seeking attitude and acculturation level and self-stigma showed a moderate direct correlation. This suggests that ICS attitude towards mental health services is positive as they experience higher acculturation stress level and that higher acculturation stress levels are associated with greater self-stigma.
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision-Making Processes, 50, 179-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akhtar, M., & Kröner-herwig, B. (2015). Acculturative stress among international students in the context of socio-demographic variables and coping styles: Research and reviews research and reviews. Current Psychology, 34(4), 803-815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9303-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9303-4
Akkurt, M. N., Kok-Mun Ng, & Kolbert, J. (2018). Multicultural discussion as a moderator of counseling supervision-related constructs. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(4), 455-468. http://dx.doi.org.library.capella.edu/10.1007/s10447-018-9337-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9337-z
Alloh, F. T., Tait, D., & Taylor, C. (2018). Away from home: A qualitative exploration of health experiences of Nigerian students in a U.K. university. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v8i1.149
American Counseling Association (2014). ACA Code of Ethics. Author DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119221548.ch13
Arora, P. G., Metz, K., & Carlson, C. I. (2016). Attitudes toward professional psychological help-seeking in South Asian students: Role of stigma and gender. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(4), 263-284. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12053
Bai, J. (2016). Perceived support as a predictor of acculturative stress among international students in the United States. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 93-106. https://www.ojed.org/index.php/jis/article/view/483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.483
Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Elliott, R. (2016). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners (Third ed.). Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119154082
Behl, M., Laux, J. M., Roseman, C. P., Tiamiyu, M., & Spann, S. (2017). Needs and acculturative stress of international students in CACREP programs. Counselor Education and Supervision, 56(4), 305-318. https://doi:10.1002/ceas.12087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12087
Bell, H., Hagedorn, W. B., & Robinson, E. H. M. (2016). An exploration of supervisory and therapeutic relationships and client outcomes. Counselor Education and Supervision, 55(3), 182-197. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12044
Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International migration, 30, 69-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1992.tb00776.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1992.tb00776.x
Bertram, D. M., Poulakis, M., Elsasser, B. S., & Kumar, E. (2014). Social support and acculturation in Chinese international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 42(2), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2014.00048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2014.00048.x
Boafo-Arthur, S. & Boafo-Arthur, A. (2016). Help seeking behaviors of international students: stigma, acculturation, and attitudes towards counseling. In Psychology and mental health: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications (pp. 1368–1386). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0159-6.ch059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0159-6.ch059
Brás, M., Cunha, A. M., Carmo, C., & Nunes, C. (2022). Inventory of attitudes toward seeking mental health services: Psychometric properties among adolescents. Social Sciences, 11(7), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070284
Cheng, H., Wang, C., McDermott, R. C., Kridel, M., & Rislin, J. L. (2018). Self‐Stigma, mental health literacy, and attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling and Development, 96(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12178
Clough, B. A., Nazareth, S. M., Day, J. J., & Casey, L. M. (2019). A comparison of mental health literacy, attitudes, and help-seeking intentions among domestic and international tertiary students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 47(1), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1459473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1459473
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2023). CACREP vital statistics 2022: Results from a national survey of accredited programs. http://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2017-CACREP-Vital-Statistics-Report.pdf
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2016). CACREP standards. https://www.cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
Crowe, A., Mullen, P. R., & Littlewood, K. (2018). Self‐stigma, mental health literacy, and health outcomes in integrated care. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12201
Forbes-Mewett, H., & Sawyer, A. (2016). International students and mental health. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 661-677. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.348
Han, M., & Pong, H. (2015). Mental health help-seeking behaviors among Asian American community college students: The effect of stigma, cultural barriers, and acculturation. Journal of College Student Development, 56(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0001
Han, S., Pistole, M. C., & Caldwell, J. M. (2017). Acculturative Stress, Parental and Professor Attachment, and College Adjustment in Asian International Students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 45(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12068
Hansen H. R., Shneyderman, Y., McNamara, G. S., & Grace, L. (2018). Assessing acculturative stress of international students at a U.S. community college. Journal of International Students, 8(1), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1134293
Hou, Y., Neff, L. A., & Kim, S. Y. (2018). Language acculturation, acculturation‐related stress, and marital quality in Chinese American couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(2), 555-568. https://doi:10.1111/jomf.12447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12447
Hyland, P., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., Shevlin, M., Maguire, R., & Morley, K. (2015). A test of the inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental health services. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 43(4), 397–412. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1080/03069885.2014.963510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2014.963510
Institute of International Education (IIE). (2023). A quick look at global mobility trends. Retrieved from https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-scholars/international-scholars-trends/
Interiano, C. G., & Lim, J. H. (2018). A “chameleonic” identity: Foreign-born doctoral students in U.S. counselor education. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(3), 310-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9328-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9328-0
Interiano-Shiverdecker, C. G., Foxx, S. P., & Flowers, C. (2019). Acculturation domains and counselor self-efficacy. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 46(1-2), 48-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2019.1669373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2019.1669373
Interiano-Shiverdecker, C., Parikh, S., Flowers, C., & Maghsoudi, M. (2021). The impact of race-ethnicity on foreign-born students’ counselor self-efficacy and acculturative stress. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 14(3), 8. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/jcps/vol14/iss3/8
Jang, Y. J., Woo, H., & Henfield, M. S. (2014). A qualitative study of challenges faced by international doctoral students in counselor education supervision courses. Asia Pacific Education Review, 15(4), 561-572. http://dx.doi.org.library.capella.edu/10.1007/s12564-014-9342-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-014-9342-9
Kantor, V., Knefel, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2017). Investigating institutional abuse survivors’ help-seeking attitudes with the inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental health services. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1377528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1377528
Keum, B. T., Bartholomew, T. T., Robbins, K. A., Pérez-Rojas, A. E., Lockard, A. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., Kang, E., Joy, E., & Maldonado Aguiñiga, S. (2022). Therapist and counseling center effects on international students’ counseling outcome: A mixed methods study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(2), 172–187. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1037/cou0000552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000552
Kidd, S. A., Davidson, L., & McKenzie, K. (2017). Common factors in community mental health intervention: A scoping review. Community Mental Health Journal, 53, 627– 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0117-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0117-8
Kim, Da Hwin., McWhorter, E. C., & Castillo, L. G. (2023). Does mental health literacy predict help-seeking behaviors among depressed Asian international students? Journal of International Students, 13(4), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v14i3.5090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e503132025-001
Kim, J. E., & Zane, N. (2016). Help-seeking intentions among Asian American and White American students in psychological distress: Application of the health belief model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000056
Kissil, K., Davey, M., & Davey, A. (2015). Foreign-born therapists: How acculturation and supervisors' multicultural competence are associated with clinical self-efficacy. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 43(1), 38-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2015.00063.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2015.00063.x
Kuo, P., Washington, A., & Woo, H. (2021). Professional identity development and multicultural identity among international counselor education doctoral students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 49(2), 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12210
Kuo, P., Washington, A., & Woo, H. (2023). Intersection of professional identity development and experiences of cultural insensitivity among international counselor education doctoral students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 51(2), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12273
Kuo, P., Woo, H., & Washington, A. (2018). Professional identity development of international counselor education doctoral students. Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy, 5(2), 153-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2018.1452079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2018.1452079
Lau, J., Garza, T., & Garcia, H. (2019). International students in community colleges: On-campus services used and their affect on sense of belonging. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 43(2), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2017.1419891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2017.1419891
Leong, P. (2015). Coming to America: Assessing the patterns of acculturation, friendship formation, and the academic experiences of international students at a U.S. college. Journal of International Students, 5(4), 459-474. https://www.ojed.org/index.php/jis/article/view/408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v5i4.408
Lertora, I. M., & Croffie, A. L. (2020). The lived experiences of international students in a CACREP counseling program. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 42(2), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09394-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09394-6
Li, C., Lu, J., Bernstein, B., & Bang, N. M. (2018). Counseling self-efficacy of international counseling students in the U.S.: The impact of foreign language anxiety and acculturation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(3), 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9325-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9325-3
Li, J., Marbley, A. F., Bradley, L. J., & Lan, W. (2016). Attitudes toward seeking professional counseling services among Chinese international students: Acculturation, ethnic identity, and English proficiency. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12037
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L. (2004). Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t05528-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t05528-000
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L. (2004). An adaptation and extension of the attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2410 –2433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01984.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01984.x
Maeshima, L. S., & Parent, M. C. (2022). Mental health stigma and professional help-seeking behaviors among Asian American and Asian international students. Journal of American college health, 70(6), 1761–1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1819820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1819820
Mantovani, N., Pizzolati, M., & Edge, D. (2017). Exploring the relationship between stigma and help‐seeking for mental illness in African‐descended faith communities in the U.K. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 20 (3), 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12464
Mathur Gaiha, S., Sunil, G. A., Kumar, R., & Menon, S. (2014). Enhancing mental health literacy in India to reduce stigma: The fountainhead to improve help-seeking behavior. Journal of Public Mental Health, 13(3), 146-158. https://doi:10.1108/JPMH-06-2013-0043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMH-06-2013-0043
McKinley, M. T. (2019). Supervising the sojourner: Multicultural supervision of international students. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 13(3), 174–179. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1037/tep0000269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000269
Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2016). Factors that Contribute to the Adjustment of International Students. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 262-282. https://www.ojed.org/index.php/jis/article/view/569 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.569
Minh-Hoang N, Serik, M., Thu-Trang Vuong, & Manh-Tung Ho. (2019). Internationalization and its discontents: Help-seeking behaviors of students in a multicultural environment regarding acculturative stress and depression. Sustainability, 11(7) https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071865 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071865
Ng, K., & Smith, S. D. (2012). Training level, acculturation, role ambiguity, and multicultural discussions in training and supervising international counseling students in the United States. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 34(1), 72-86. http://dx.doi.org.library.capella.edu/10.1007/s10447-011-9130-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-011-9130-8
Nilsson, J. E., & Dodds, A. K. (2006). A pilot phase in the development of the international student supervision scale. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 34(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2006.tb00026.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2006.tb00026.x
Okur, P.,Van der Knaap, L. M., & Bogaerts, S. (2016). Ethnic differences in help-seeking behavior following child sexual abuse: a multi-method study. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1062144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1062144
Osborn, L. A., & Stein, C. H. (2019). Recovery-oriented services in an inpatient setting: The role of consumers’ views of therapeutic alliance and practitioner directiveness on recovery and well-being. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000355
Owen, J., Thomas, L., & Rodolfa, E. (2013). Stigma for seeking therapy: Self-stigma, social stigma, and therapeutic processes. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(6), 857–880. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012459365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012459365
Pan, J.-Y., Ng, P., Young, D. K.-W., & Caroline, S. (2017). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group intervention on acculturation. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516646857 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516646857
Philip, S., Neuer Colburn, A. A., Underwood, L., & Bayne, H. (2019). The impact of religion/spirituality on acculturative stress among international students. Journal of College Counseling, 22(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12112
Prieto-Welch, S. L. (2016). International student mental health. New Directions for Student Services, (156), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20191
Privitera, G. J. (2019). Research methods for behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Ra, Y., & Trusty, J. (2017). Impact of social support and coping on acculturation and acculturative stress of East Asian international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 45(4), 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12078
Salkind, N. J. (2017). Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics: Using Microsoft Excel 2016. SAGE Publication, Inc.
Samuel, M., & Okey, L. E. (2015). The relevance and significance of correlation in social science research. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research, 1(3), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.37745/ijsar.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37745/ijsar.15
Sandhu, D. S., & Asrabadi, B. R. (1994). Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students. PsycTESTS. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1037/t62213-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t62213-000
Sandhu, D. S., & Asrabadi, B. R. (1994). Development of an acculturative stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 75(1), 435-448. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.435
Sangganjanavanich, V. F., & Black, L. L. (2009). Clinical supervision for international counselors-in-training: Implications for supervisors. Journal of Professional Counseling, Practice, Theory, & Research, 37(2), 52-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2009.12033860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15566382.2009.12033860
Shadowen, N. L., Williamson, A. A., Guerra, N. G., Ammigan, R., & Drexler, M. L. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among international students: Implications for university support offices. Journal of International Students, 9(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2018.1557230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i1.277
Shafaei, A., Nejati, M., Quazi, A. (2016). When in Rome, do as the romans do' do international students' acculturation attitudes impact their ethical academic conduct? Higher Education, 71(5), 651-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9928-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9928-0
Smiljanic, I. (2017). The role of attachment, travel experiences and English proficiency in international students' acculturative stress and depressive symptoms. Journal of International Students, 7(2), 188–203. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i2.322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i2.322
Tian, L., McClain, S., Moore, M. M., & Lloyd, H. (2019). An examination of ethnic identity, self-compassion, and acculturative stress in international students. Journal of International Students, 9(2), 635-660. https://doi:10.32674/jis.v9i2.617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i2.617
Timsina, N. (2025). Voices at the margins: Nepali international students’ experiences and resilience in Denmark. Journal of International Students, 15(6), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.32674/cfex0h78 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/cfex0h78
Tuliao, A. P., Hechanova, M. R. M., & Velasquez, P. A. E. (2019). Psychometric properties of the English and Filipino version of the inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental help services. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 10(1), 21-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2018.1552880
Um, B., Woodbridge, L., & Wood, S. M. (2023). Research on international counseling students in selected counseling journals: A 16-year content analysis. The Professional Counselor, 13(3), 254-268. https://doi.org/10.15241/bu.13.3.254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15241/bu.13.3.254
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 325-337. https://doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale. PsycTESTS. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1037/t00524-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00524-000
Xiong, Y., Bonner, M. W., Travis, S. P., Xing, F., & Zhang, Q. (2022). International counseling students' practicum experience in a counseling program in the United States: A phenomenological study. Journal of International Students, 12(3), 633-653. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i3.3444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v12i3.3444
Yakunina, E. S., Weigold, I. K., Weigold, A., Hercegovac, S., & Elsayed, N. (2013). International students’ personal and multicultural strengths: Reducing acculturative stress and promoting adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91(2), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676. 2013.00088.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00088.x
Zhang, N., & Dixon, D. N. (2003). Acculturation and attitudes of Asian international students toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31(3), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2003.tb00544.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2003.tb00544.x
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of International Students
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) [year] [author]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
