Staying, leaving, or seeking more
International students’ post-graduation settlement and migration decisions in South Korea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32674/tsejeq14Keywords:
Post-Graduation Settlement Intentions, Academic Satisfaction , International Students , Social Integration , Career Awareness , Financial Support , Korean Immigration And Integration Program (KIIP)Abstract
Amid South Korea’s demographic decline and push for global talent retention, this study examines the factors that drive international students to stay or migrate in search of opportunities elsewhere. This study unpacks the complex web of factors—academic satisfaction, social integration, career aspirations, financial support, and participation in the Korean Immigration and Integration Program (KIIP)—that shape post-graduation settlement intentions. Analyzing data from 286 students in Busan’s private universities, the results show career awareness and financial security as powerful motivators. Ironically, social integration and KIIP participation wield little influence. Life satisfaction emerges as a mediator, revealing that staying isn’t just about opportunity—it’s about belonging.
References
Abdulazeez, Y., Reppa, I., & Mok, Z. H. (2025). The experience of Arab international students in universities in the UK. Journal of International Students, 15(3), 221-236. https://doi.org/10.32674/9g5p2s86 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/9g5p2s86
Alkhaldi, S., & Bista, K. (2025). Examining language anxiety and academic success of Saudi international students in US colleges. Journal of International Students, 15(3), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.32674/8cf0b460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32674/8cf0b460
Arthur, N., & Flynn, S. (2011). Career development influences of international students who pursue permanent immigration to Canada. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 11(3), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-011-9212-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-011-9212-5
Auer, D., & Ruedin, D. (2019). Welcoming or restricting? The Swiss experience of free movement of persons. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0124-5
Baruch, Y., Budhwar, P. S., & Khatri, N. (2007). Brain drain: Inclination to stay abroad after studies. Journal of World Business, 42(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2006.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2006.11.004
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
Bethel, A., Ward, C., & Fetvadjiev, V. H. (2020). Cross-cultural transition and psychological adaptation of international students: The mediating role of host national connectedness. Frontiers in Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.539950
https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.539950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.539950
Bidzan, M., Kaloeti, D. V. S., Jurek, P., Lutkiewicz, K., & Carson, F. (2022). Social support and acculturative stress of international students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116568
Byun, K., Jon, J. E., & Kim, D. (2013). Quest for building world-class universities in South Korea: Outcomes and consequences. Higher Education, 65(5), 645-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9568-6
Choi, B. Y., & Han, E. J. (2012). A study on participation experience of immigrants in Korea Immigration & Integration Program of the Ministry of Justice. Journal of Families and Better Life, 30(3), 83-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2012.30.3.083
https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2012.30.3.083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2012.30.3.083
Chung, E. A. (2022). Immigration control and immigrant incorporation in Korea: Policy changes and influences. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 31(2), 123-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221098643
Croucher, S. M., & Kramer, E. (2017). Cultural fusion theory: An alternative to acculturation. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 10(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2016.1229498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2016.1229498
Cruwys, T., Ng, N. W., Haslam, S. A., & Haslam, C. (2021). Identity continuity protects academic performance, retention, and life satisfaction among international students. Applied Psychology, 70(3), 931-954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12254
https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12254
Csizmazia, R. A. (2019). Challenges and internationalization of higher education in South Korea. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(6), 11-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V6I6P102
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2019). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Dev, S., Abraham, J., Nair, S., & Ashraf, S. (2023). Financial constraints and their impact on university students of different nationalities in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 14(1), 47-66. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/222882/
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Filippou, K., & Jokila, S. (2024). Academic, social, and financial changes in international students’ lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 14(2), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.560
https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.560
Gutema, D. M., Pant, S., & Nikou, S. (2024). Exploring key themes and trends in international student mobility research—A systematic literature review. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 16(3), 843-861. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2023-0195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2023-0195
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Counterfactual/potential outcomes “causal mediation analysis” with treatment by mediator interaction using PROCESS. Canadian Centre for Research Analysis and Methods Technical Report.
Hwang, M. C. (2024). Evaluating the effect of settlement services in South Korea: Focused on Korea Immigration & Integration Program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 103, 102400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2024.102400
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2024.102400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2024.102400
Istad, F., Varpahovskis, E., Miezan, E., & Ayhan, K. J. (2021). Global Korea Scholarship students: Intention to stay in the host country to work or study after graduation. Politics & Policy, 49(6), 1323–1342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12436
https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12436
Jamaludin, N. L., Sam, D. L., Sandal, G. M., & Adam, A. A. (2018). The influence of perceived discrimination, orientation to mainstream culture, and life satisfaction on destination loyalty intentions: The case of international students. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(8), 934-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1119102
Jon, J. E., Lee, J. J., & Byun, K. (2014). The emergence of a regional hub: Comparing international student choices and experiences in South Korea. Higher Education, 67(6), 691-710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9674-0
Jung, J., & Lee, S. J. (2016). Influence of university prestige on graduate wage and job satisfaction: The case of South Korea. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 38(3), 297-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2016.1174408
https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2016.1174408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2016.1174408
Kim, G. (2018). The migration regime of South Korea: Three axes of civic stratification. OMNES Journal of Multicultural Society, 8(3), 68–96. https://doi.org/10.14431/omnes.2018.07.8.3.68 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14431/omnes.2018.07.8.3.68
Kim, S., & Feyissa, I. F. (2022). Motives, means, and belonging in a strange land: Female international students navigating a racially and ethnically homogeneous Korean society. Sustainability, 14(4), 2027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042027
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042027
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233253
Lee, J. Y., & Ciftci, A. (2014). Asian international students’ sociocultural adaptation: Influence of multicultural personality, assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.009
Li, Z., & Lowe, J. (2016). Mobile student to mobile worker: The role of universities in the ‘war for talent.’ British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(1), 11-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1095636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1095636
Lim, D. J. (2021). Performance of social integration programs for immigrants and influential factors: Evidence from the Korea Immigration and Integration Program (KIIP). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 81, 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.01.004
Marginson, S. (2018). Global trends in higher education financing: The United Kingdom. International Journal of Educational Development, 58, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.03.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.03.008
Marginson, S., Nyland, C., Sawir, E., & Forbes-Mewett, H. (2010). International student security and English language proficiency. Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(3), 307-325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511751011
https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315309337925
Marginson, S., Nyland, C., Sawir, E., & Forbes-Mewett, H. (2010). International student security. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511751011
Ministry of Education. (2022). 2022년도 국내 고등교육기관 외국인 유학생 통계 [2022 International Student Enrollment in Higher Education Institutions]. Korean Educational Development Institute.
https://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/viewRenew.do?boardID=350&boardSeq=93469&lev=0&se
Ministry of Justice (MOJ). (2019). 2019 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Ministry of Justice. https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/2411/subview.do
Ministry of Justice (MOJ). (2024). 2024 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Ministry of Justice. https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/2411/subview.do
Ng, T. K., Wang, K. W. C., & Chan, W. (2017). Acculturation and cross-cultural adaptation: The moderating role of social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 59, 19-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.012
Nguyen, T. T., & Sharma, M. (2024). Calling for equitable access to the Canadian labor market: Exploring the challenges of international graduate students in Canada. Journal of International Students, 14(5), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.32674/p4m7k123
Nishida, H. (1999). Cultural schema theory and intercultural communication. NY Journal of Communication, 7(2), 135–149.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15456879909367397
Paik, S. (2015). Policies to attract high-quality foreign students into Korea. KDI School of Public Policy & Management Paper No. 15-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2703216
Rabbani, F., & Kim, J. H. (2020). Higher education and migration: The role of labor market expectations in international students’ decision-making. International Journal of Educational Development, 75, 102201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102201
Razgulin, J., Argustaitė-Zailskienė, G., & Šmigelskas, K. (2023). The role of social support and sociocultural adjustment for international students’ mental health. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27123-9
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27123-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27123-9
Richard, B., & Kwan-Soo, S. (2022). Determinants of working international students’ life satisfaction: The mediating role of sense of belonging. International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology, 10(4), 322-336. https://doi.org/10.17703/IJACT.2022.10.4.322
Sam, D. L. (2001). Satisfaction with life among international students: An exploratory study. Social Indicators Research, 53(3), 315-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007108614571
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007108614571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007108614571
San, C. K., & Guo, H. (2023). Institutional support, social support, and academic performance: Mediating role of academic adaptation. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 38(4), 1659-1675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00657-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00657-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00657-2
Shen, W. (2021). Global student mobility and migration: A comparative study of Japan and Singapore. International Migration, 59(3), 65-82.
https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12764
Song, C. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2015). Oe-gug-in gug-nae bag-sa-hag-wi chwi-deug-ja hyeon-hwang [Current Status of Foreigners with a Doctorate from South Korea]. The HRD Review, 18(1), 126-139.
Trice, A. G., & Yoo, J. E. (2007). International graduate students’ perceptions of their academic experience. Journal of Research in International Education, 6(1), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240907074788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240907074788
Vanchinkhuu, N., & Shin, Y. (2023). Academic adjustment of international students studying in South Korea: The Global Korea Scholarship program perspective. Educational Linguistics, 2(2), 194-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2022-0017
https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2022-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2022-0017
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. Routledge.
Wilkins, S., & Balakrishnan, M. S. (2013). Assessing student satisfaction in transnational higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 27(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541311297568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541311297568
Wilkins, S., Balakrishnan, M. S., & Huisman, J. (2012). Student satisfaction and student perceptions of quality at international branch campuses in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 34(5), 543-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2012.716003
https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2012.716003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2012.716003
Yoon, I. J., Song, I. H., & Bae, S. M. (2020). Migration and integration policy in South Korea. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies (pp. 345–357). Routledge.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of International Students

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) [year] [author]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0












