“If I Wear High Heels, I’m Gonna Be Judged”

An Exploration of Women Doctoral Students’ Experiences in STEM Conference Spaces

Authors

  • Jo Smith University of Auckland
  • Frauke Meyer University of Auckland
  • Liuning Yang University of Auckland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/jv4fk629

Keywords:

gender identity; science identity, STEM, conferences, doctoral students

Abstract

A gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields persists despite the growing acknowledgment of the inequities women face. One pathway into STEM careers is attending academic conferences, where doctoral students can engage with the wider community in their field. This study shares the experiences of women doctoral students at academic conferences, using a gender and science identity lens. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 women doctoral students in STEM programs at a university in New Zealand. Our findings show that participants experienced conferences as gendered spaces and these experiences affected the development of their science identity in multiple ways. Our research highlights a continued need to combat gender inequities in higher education and reimagine conferences to be more inclusive. Combatting gender bias in such spaces requires changing organisational practices to enable women’s science identities to flourish.

Author Biographies

  • Jo Smith, University of Auckland

    Jo Smith, PhD is a Senior Lecturer in education policy and leadership in the University of Auckland’s Faculty of Education and Social Work. Her research straddles the intersection of policy and practice, and examines the systems that hinder and help organisations enact reforms aimed at addressing inequities.

  • Frauke Meyer, University of Auckland

    Frauke Meyer, PhD is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Education and Social Work at Waipapa Taumata Rau - University of Auckland. She teaches in the Master of Educational Leadership programme. Her research focuses on school improvement, interpersonal leadership practices and how bias impacts equity in teaching and learning.

  • Liuning Yang, University of Auckland

    Liuning Yang is a PhD candidate in the School of Learning, Development and Professional Practice, Faculty of Education and Social Work at the University of Auckland. His research interests include the education inequity of rural-to-urban migrants in China, Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology theory and education policy.  

References

Ampaw, F. D., & Jaeger. A. J. (2011). Understanding the factors affecting degree completion of doctoral women in the science and engineering fields. New Directions for Institutional Research, 152, 59-73. doi:10.1002/ir.409

Arroyo, J. L. (2017). Latina Women in STEM: A Critical Analysis of Ph. D. Students' Experiences. California State University, Fresno.

Avraamidou, L. (2020). Science identity as a landscape of becoming: Rethinking recognition and emotions through an intersectionality lens. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 15(2), 323-345. doi:10.1007/s11422-019-09954-7

Biggs, J., Hawley, P. H., & Biernat, M. (2018). The academic conference as a chilly climate for women: Effects of gender representation on experiences of sexism, coping responses, and career intentions. Sex Roles 78(5), 394-408. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0800-9

Booker, A. (2018, October 5). Hidden figures no more: Factors that contribute to STEM graduate degree attainment among African-American women. Paper presented at Georgia Educational Research Association Conference. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/gera/2018/2018/55/

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706QP063OA

Carlone, H. B., & Johnson, A. (2007). Understanding the science experiences of successful women of color: Science identity as an analytic lens. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 44(8), 1187-1218. doi:10.1002/tea.20237

Case, S. S, & Richley, B. A. (2014). Barriers to women in science: examining the interplay between individual and gendered institutional research cultures on women scientists' desired futures. In R. J. Burke & D. A. Major (Eds.), Gender in Organizations. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S M. (2009). Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 218. doi:10.1037/a0014412

Chapman, D. D., Wiessner, C. A., Morton, J., Fire, N., Jones, L. S., & Majekodunmi, D. (2009). Crossing scholarly divides: Barriers and bridges for doctoral students attending scholarly conferences. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 23(1), 6-24. doi:10.1002/nha3.10325

Chemers, M. M., Zurbriggen, E. L., Syed, M., Goza, B. K., & Bearman, S. (2011). The role of efficacy and identity in science career commitment among underrepresented minority students. Journal of Social Issues, 67(3), 469-491. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01710.x

Chen, M-H., Chen, S-J., Kot, H. W., Zhu, D., & and Wu, Z. (2021). Does gender diversity matter to hotel financial performance?. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97, 102987. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102987

Cidlinská, K. (2019). How not to scare off women: different needs of female early-stage researchers in STEM and SSH fields and the implications for support measures. Higher Education, 78(2), 365-388. doi:10.1007/s10734-018-0347-x

De Welde, K., & Laursen, S. (2-11). The glass obstacle course: Informal and formal barriers for women Ph. D. students in STEM fields. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 3(3), 571-595. https://genderandset.open.ac.uk/index.php/genderandset/article/view/205

Dillman, D.A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method. John Wiley & Sons.

Eden, D. (2016). Women’s participation in academic conferences in Israel. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 38(4), 406-421. doi:10.1080/1360080X.2016.1181887

Espinosa, L. (2011). Pipelines and pathways: Women of color in undergraduate STEM majors and the college experiences that contribute to persistence. Harvard Educational Review, 81(2), 209-241. doi:10.17763/haer.81.2.92315ww157656k3u

Flores, N. M. (2020). Harassment at conferences: will# MeToo momentum translate to real change?. Gender and Education, 32(1), 137-144. doi:10.1080/09540253.2019.1633462

Hazari, Z., Sadler, P. M., & Sonnert, G. (2013). The science identity of college students: Exploring the intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity. Journal of College Science Teaching, 42(5), 82-91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43631586

Herrera, S., Fernández, J., & Gutiérrez, J. M. (2016). Update of the Spain02 gridded observational dataset for EURO‐CORDEX evaluation: Assessing the effect of the interpolation methodology. International Journal of Climatology, 36(2), 900-908. doi:10.1002/joc.4391

Hinsley, A., Sutherland, W. J., & Johnston, A. (2017). Men ask more questions than women at a scientific conference. PloS one, 12(10), e0185534. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185534

Iser, M. (2019, Summer) Recognition. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/recognition/

Jackson, L. (2019). The smiling philosopher: Emotional labor, gender, and harassment in conference spaces. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 51(7), 693-701. doi:10.1080/00131857.2017.1343112

Jones, T. M., Fanson, K. V., Lanfear, R., Symonds, M. R. E., & Higgie, M. (2014). Gender differences in conference presentations: A consequence of self-selection?. PeerJ Life and Environment, e627. doi:10.7717/peerj.627

Lorber, J. (1994). The social construction of gender. In E. Disch (Ed.), Reconstructing gender: A multicultural anthology, 96-103.

Master, A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2016). Building bridges between psychological science and education: Cultural stereotypes, STEM, and equity. Prospects, 46(2), 215-234. doi: 10.1007/s11125-017-9391-z

McGee, E. O., & Bentley, L. (2017). The troubled success of Black women in STEM. Cognition and Instruction, 35(4), 265-289. doi:10.1080/07370008.2017.1355211

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage publications.

Mostafa, T. (2019). Why Don't More Girls Choose to Pursue a Science Career? PISA in Focus. No. 93. OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/02bd2b68-en

Mwenda, M. N. (2010). Underrepresented minority students in STEM doctoral programs: The role of financial support and relationships with faculty and peers. PhD Diss., University of Iowa.

National Science Board. (2015). Revisiting the STEM workforce: A companion to science and engineering indicators 2014. National Science Foundation. http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2015/nsb201510.pdf

National Government Communications Security Bureau. (2018). Let’s talk about why we need more women in STEM. https://www.gcsb.govt.nz/news/lets-talk-about-why-we-need-more-women-in-stem/

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Report on the gender initiative: Gender equality in education, employment, and entrepreneurship. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/education/48111145.pdf

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2015). OECD science, technology, and industry scoreboard 2015: Innovation for growth and society. OECD. doi:10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en.

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage.

Richman, L. M., Vandellen, M., & Wood, M. (2011). How women cope: Being a numerical minority in a male‐dominated profession. Journal of Social Issues, 67(3), 492-509. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01711.x

Ridgeway, C. L., & Kricheli-Katz, T. (2013). Intersecting cultural beliefs in social relations: Gender, race, and class binds and freedoms. Gender & Society, 27(3), 294-318. doi:10.1177/0891243213479445

Rodriguez, S., Cunningham, K., & Jordan, A. (2019). STEM identity development for Latinas: The role of self-and outside recognition. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 18(3), 254-272. doi:10.1177/1538192717739958

Sabharwal, N. S., Henderson, E. F., & Joseph, R. S. (2020). Hidden social exclusion in Indian academia: gender, caste and conference participation. Gender and Education, 32(1), 27-42. doi:10.1080/09540253.2019.1685657

Settles, I. H., & O’Connor, R. C. (2014). Incivility at academic conferences: Gender differences and the mediating role of climate. Sex Roles, 71(1), 71-82. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0355-y

Smith, E. P., & Davidson, W. S. (1992). Mentoring and the development of African-American graduate students. Journal of College Student Development, 33(6), 531-539.

Soldner, M., Rowan-Kenyon, H., Inkelas, K. K., Garvey, J. & Robbins, C. (2012). Supporting students' intentions to persist in STEM disciplines: The role of living-learning programs among other social-cognitive factors. The Journal of Higher Education, 83(3), 311-336. doi:10.1080/00221546.2012.11777246

Tertiary Education Commission. (2020). https://www.tec.govt.nz/

Timperley, C., Sutherland, K. A., Wilson, M., & Hall, M. (2020). He moana pukepuke: navigating gender and ethnic inequality in early career academics’ conference attendance. Gender and Education, 32(1), 11-26. doi:10.1080/09540253.2019.1633464

Traxler, A. L., Cid, X. C., Blue, J., & Barthelemy, R. (2016). Enriching gender in physics education research: A binary past and a complex future. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 12(2), 020114. doi:10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.12.020114

Urry, M. (2005, February 6). Diminished Discrimination We Scarcely See. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2005/02/06/diminished-discrimination-we-scarcely-see/9c69e9e6-c013-4f7c-a214-d410b0dbc565/

van Langen, A., & Dekkers, H. (2005). Cross-national differences in participating in tertiary science, technology, engineering and mathematics education. Comparative Education, 41(3), 329-350. doi:10.1080/03050060500211708

Walters, T. (2018). Gender equality in academic tourism, hospitality, leisure and events conferences. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 10(1). 17-32. doi:10.1080/19407963.2018.1403165

Wang, W., Bai, X., Xia, F., Bekele, T. M., Su, X., & Tolba, A. (2017). From triadic closure to conference closure: The role of academic conferences in promoting scientific collaborations. Scientometrics, 113(1), 177-193. doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2468-x

Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.

Authors. (2022).

Downloads

Published

2025-07-28

How to Cite

“If I Wear High Heels, I’m Gonna Be Judged”: An Exploration of Women Doctoral Students’ Experiences in STEM Conference Spaces. (2025). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education, 10(1), 77-97. https://doi.org/10.32674/jv4fk629