Political Participation and Research Motivation of Iran Specialists in American Academia: How an Academic Community Responds to Events in the U.S. and Iran

Authors

  • Julio Borquez University of Michigan-Dearborn
  • Camron Michael Amin University of Michigan-Dearborn
  • Razieh Araghi unstated

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/b2a4a612

Keywords:

Iranian Studies, American Academia, Political Participation, Engaged Scholarship, Women.Life.Freedom

Abstract

We report results from a longitudinal study of political participation among Iranian Studies scholars working in U.S. academia. Qualtrics surveys of Iranian Studies specialists were conducted in 2016 and 2023, the surveys featuring questions about reported political activities such as voting, contacting public officials, signing petitions, and participating in demonstrations. The surveys also included questions about media outreach and interactions with journalists. Iranian Studies scholars reported very high levels of political activity, exceeding those found in previous studies of political participation among academics. In several instances participation levels increased from 2016 to 2023. We believe that these high levels of political participation are a response to political developments in Iran and the United States, including Women.Life.Freedom, the Trump travel ban, and ongoing tensions in US-Iran relations.   Our findings suggest that studies of academic political behavior should account for the political pressures that can influence specific subfields in distinctive ways.

References

Abramowitz, A. I. (2017). It wasn’t the economy stupid: Racial polarization, white racial resentment, and the rise of Trump. In L. J. Sabato, K. Kondik, & G. Skellet (Eds.), Trumped: The 2016 election that broke all the rules (pp. 202-210). Rowman and Littlefield.

Abrams, S. J. (2018). The facts behind the myths about faculty activism. Academe, 104(1), 35-39. https://www.aaup.org/academe/issues/104-0/facts-behind-myths-about-faculty-activism

Bayat, A. (2023). Is Iran on the verge of another revolution? Journal of Democracy, 34(2), 19-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2023.0019

Berry. J., Choudoud, Y., & Junn, J. (2018). Reaching beyond low-hanging fruit: Surveying low-incidence populations. In L. R. Atkeson & R. M. Alvarez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of polling and survey methods (pp. 181-206). Oxford University Press.

Berry, M., & Chenowith, E. (2018). Who made the Women’s March? In D. S. Meyer & S. Tarrow (Eds.), The resistance: The dawn of the anti-Trump opposition movement (pp. 75-89). Oxford University Press.

Boise State University (2023, January 17). Crisis in Iran: Faculty raise the alarm. https://www.boisestate.edu/news/2023/01/17/crisis-in-iran-faculty-raise-the-alarm/

Borquez, J., & Amin, C. M. (2022). Gender differences in the professional experiences of Iran specialists in American academia. SN Social Sciences, 2(12), 272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-022-00585-4

Campbell, D. E. (2013). Social networks and political participation. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-033011-201728

Cann, C., & DeMeulenaere, E. (2020) The activist academic: Engaged scholarship for resistance, hope and social change. Myers Education Press.

Carreras, M. (2018). Why no gender gap in electoral participation? A civic duty explanation. Electoral Studies, 52, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2018.01.007

Coffé, H., & Bolzendahl, C. (2010). Same game, different rules? Gender differences in political participation. Sex Roles, 62, 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9729-y

Columbia Climate School. (October 17, 2022). Women, Life, Freedom: The Iranian feminist uprising in context. https://www.climate.columbia.edu/events/women-life-freedom-iranian-feminist-uprising-context/

Community Engagement, Design and Research Center (CEDaR). (2022, November 28). Woman, Life, Freedom: Supporting the Iranian women’s revolution, Nov 30, 6-8pm. https://www.colorado.edu/cedar/2022/11/28/woman-life-freedom-supporting-iranian-women’s-revolution-nov-30-6-8pm/

Dalton, R. J. (2020). The good citizen: How a younger generation is reshaping American politics (3rd ed.). Sage CQ Press.

Dalton, R. J. (2017). The participation gap: Social status and political inequality. Oxford University Press.

Dalton, R. J., & Welzel, C. (Eds.). (2014). The civic culture transformed: From allegiant to assertive citizens. Cambridge University Press.

Dorf, M. C., & Chu, M. S. (2018). Lawyers as activists: From the airport to the courtroom. In D. S. Meyer & S. Tarrow (Eds.), The resistance: The dawn of the anti-Trump opposition movement (pp. 127-142). Oxford University Press.

Duggan, M., & Smith, A. (2016, October 25). The political environment on social media. Pew Research Center. https://pewresearch.org/internet/2016/10/25/the-political-environment-on-social-media/

Faia, M. A. (1974). The myth of the liberal professor. Sociology of Education, 47, 171-202. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112104

Fisher, D. R. (2018). Climate of resistance: How the climate movement connected to the resistance. In D. S. Meyer & S. Tarrow (Eds.), The resistance: The dawn of the anti-Trump opposition movement (pp. 109-124). Oxford University Press.

Gose, L. E., & Skocpol, T. (2019). Resist, persist, and transform: The emergence and impact of grassroots resistance groups opposing the Trump presidency. Mobilization: An International Journal, 24, 293-317.

Gross, N., & Simmons, S. (2014). The social and political views of American college and university professors. In N. Gross & S. Simmons (Eds.), Professor and their politics (pp. 19-50). Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hamidi, Y. N. (2023). Women, Life, Freedom, and the question of multiculturalism in Iranian studies. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 55, 744-748. doi:10.1017/S0020743823001411

Harris, F. C., & Gillion, D. (2010). Expanding the possibilities: Reconceptualizing political participation as a toolbox. In J. E. Leighly (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of American elections and political behavior (pp. 144-161). Oxford University Press.

Hoffman, A. J. (2021). The engaged scholar: Expanding the impact of academic research in today’s world. Stanford University Press.

Jones, A. (2022). Street scholar: Using public scholarship to educate, advocate, and liberate. Peter Lang.

Karimi, P. (2023). Art of protest in five acts. Iranian Studies, 56, 585-95. doi: 10.1017/irn.2023.18

Kazemi, A. V. (2023). Everyday movements and massive socio-cultural shifts in Iran. Critique (Glasgow), 51, 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2023.2238443

Khajehi, Y., Mohammad, A. Z., & Schechner, R. (2023). Fragments of a revolution: Performativity vs. theatricality in Iran, September 2022-January 2023. TDR: The Drama Review, 67, 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1054204323000163

Kohout, T. (2023, April 5). GW community shows solidarity with the women of Iran: Diplomats and women’s rights advocates lead discussion on human rights violations. GW Today. https://gwtoday.gwu.edu/gw-community-shows-solidarity-women-iran

Ladd, E. C. (1969). Professors and political petitions. Science, 163, 1425-1430. doi: 10.1126/science.163.3874.1425

Leighly, J. E., & Nagler, J. (2013). Who votes now? Demographics, issues, inequality, and turnout in the United States. Princeton University Press.

Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S., Kotcher, J., Carman, J., Lee, S., Verner, M., Ballew, M., Ansah, P. O., Badullovich, N., Myers, T., Goldberg, M. & Marlon, J. (2023, January 31). Climate change in the American mind: Politics & policy, December 2022. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/politics-global-warming-december-2022/

Lipset, S. M., & Ladd Jr., E. C. (1971). The Divided Professoriate. Change, 3, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.1971.10567994

Marandi, M. M., & Tari, Z. G. (2018). Iranian studies in the United States and the politics of knowledge production on post-revolutionary Iran. In T. Keskin (Ed.), Middle East studies after September 11: Neo-orientalism, American hegemony and academia (pp. 271-296).

Maranto, R., Redding. R. E., & Hess, F. M. (Eds.). (2009). The politically correct university: Problems, scopes, and reforms. AEI Press.

Mariani, M. D., & Hewitt, G. J. (2008). Indoctrination U.? Faculty ideology and changes in student political orientation. PS: Political Science and Politics, 41, 773-783. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20452310

Martin, J. L., & Smith, J. (2020). Why we march! Feminist activism in critical times: Lessons from the Women’s March in Washington. Women’s Studies International Forum, 81, 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102375

McClain, C. (2021, May 4). 70% of U.S. social media users never or rarely post or share about political, social issues. Pew Research Center. https://pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/05/04/70-of-u-s-social-media-users-never-or-rarely-post-or-share-about-political-social-issues/

McClurg, S. D. (2003). Social networks and political participation: The role of social interaction in explaining political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 56, 448-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600407

McDonald, M. (2022, September 30). Students, faculty gather at Harvard to protest Iran’s treatment of women. WBZ News. https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/harvard-university-mahsa-amini-iran-protest/

McKenzie, B. (2022, November 30). UVA students join in worldwide protest. UVA Today. https://news.virginia.edu/ content/uva-students-join-worldwide-protest/

Meyer, D. S., & Tarrow, S. (2018). The resistance: The dawn of the anti-Trump opposition movement. Oxford University Press.

Olson Beal, H. K., Beal, B. D., & Sandul, P. J. P. (2018). Trump’s travel ban and embodied activism. Academe, 104(1), 29-34. https://www.aaup.org/academe/issues/104-0/trumps-travel-ban-and-embodied-activism

Persson, M. (2013). Review article: Education and political participation. British Journal of Political Science, 45, 689-703. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43821840

Rahbari, L. (2024). (Gender) politics in the field: The precarities of diasporic (women) scholars of Iranian politics during and after the ‘Woman, Life, Freedom’ uprising. Politics and Gender, 1-7. doi: 10.1017/S1743923X24000072

Rashidian, H. A., Zeighami, E., & Zeighami, B. (2016). Barriers to sexual health care: A survey of Iranian-American physicians in California, USA. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1481-8

Razavi, S. (2023). Discord in the diaspora: Agonism in the Woman, Life, Freedom movement for democracy. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 55, 754-758. doi:10.1017/S0020743823001435

Rojas, F. (2014). Activism and the academy. In N. Gross & S. Simmons (Eds.) Professors and Their Politics (pp. 243-266). Johns Hopkins University Press.

Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. Macmillan.

Rusting, A. (2023, March 9). Bruins rally for Iranian women in International Women’s Day march. Daily Bruin. https://dailybruin.com/2023/03/09/bruins-rally-for-iranian-women-in-international-womens-day-march/

Schaffner, B. F., MacWilliams, M., & Nteta T. (2018). Understanding white polarization in the 2016 vote for president: The sobering role of racism and sexism. Political Science Quarterly, 133, 9-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12737

Sides, J., Tausanovitch, C., & Vavreck, L. (2022). The bitter end: The 2020 presidential campaign and the challenge to American democracy. Princeton University Press.

Sides, J., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2018). Identity crisis: The 2016 presidential campaign and the battle for the meaning of America. Princeton University Press.

Szanton, D. L. (2004). The origin, nature, and challenges of area studies in the United States. In D. L. Szanton (Ed.), The politics of knowledge: Area studies and the disciplines (pp. 1-33). University of California Press.

Tambe, A. (2017). The women's march on Washington: Words from an organizer: An interview with Mrinalini Chakraborty. Feminist Studies, 43, 223-229. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.15767/feministstudies.43. 82031.0223

Tari, Z. G. (2015). The development of Iranian Studies programs in the United States: From philological to a contemporary approach. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 6, 31-52.

Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., & Couper, M. P. (2013). The science of web surveys. Oxford University Press.

University of Southern Maine. (2023, January 10). ‘Woman, Life, Freedom’: Professor stands in solidarity with Iranian protesters. https://usm.maine.edu/news/woman-life-freedom-professor-stands-in-solidarity-with-iranian-protesters/

Verba, S., & Nie, N. H. (1972). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Harper and Row.

Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.

Whittington, K. E. (2021). The value of ideological diversity among university faculty. Social Philosophy and Policy, 37, 90-113. doi: 10.1017/S0265052521000066

Wu, M. J., Zhao, K., & Fils-Aime, F. (2022). Response rates of online surveys in published research: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100206

Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, K M., Jenkins, K., & Della Carpini, M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. Oxford University Press.

Zogby Research Services and PAAIA, 2023 National Public Opinion Survey of the Iranian American Community, 2023. https://paaia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2023-PAAIA-Survey.pdf

Downloads

Published

2026-01-27

How to Cite

Political Participation and Research Motivation of Iran Specialists in American Academia: How an Academic Community Responds to Events in the U.S. and Iran. (2026). Higher Education Politics and Economics, 12(1), 92-117. https://doi.org/10.32674/b2a4a612