Intercultural communicative competence in the Global South

A case study of Thai students

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32674/6c3frs24

Keywords:

communication strategies, English as a lingua franca, intercultural communication, intercultural communicative competence, Thai students, world Englishes

Abstract

In increasingly globalized academic environments, intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial for navigating diverse linguistic landscapes and achieving academic success. This qualitative exploratory case study examines the ICC of Thai students in Indian higher education within the framework of World Englishes. Conducted at The English and Foreign Languages University, the study investigates how Thai students negotiate meaning and manage linguistic and cultural challenges in multilingual academic interactions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six Thai students and analyzed using systematic coding and thematic analysis guided by established intercultural communication strategy frameworks. The findings indicate that participants prioritized intelligibility and comprehension over grammatical accuracy, employing strategies such as simplification, approximation, paraphrasing, meaning replacement, and form avoidance to sustain conversational flow and minimize breakdowns. The study reveals that intercultural communication in Global South academic contexts relies heavily on adaptability and pragmatic negotiation rather than adherence to native-speaker norms. These insights contribute to discussions on English as a Lingua Franca and offer pedagogical implications for internationalized higher education.

Author Biographies

  • Jatuporn Simmali, The English and Foreign Languages University

    Jatuporn Simmali is a PhD researcher at The English and Foreign Languages (EFL) University. He holds a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) and a Master of Arts (M.A.) in English from top-tier universities in Thailand. An active scholar with over six publications in reputable national and international peer-reviewed journals, his academic and research focus centers on World Englishes and Intercultural Communicative Competence. Through his work, he aims to develop and enhance the practical communication strategies of Thai EFL learners, preparing them to navigate linguistic diversity and foster meaningful intercultural connections in an increasingly changing global world. Email: jatupornphdele25@efluniversity.ac.in

  • Muthyala Udaya, The English and Foreign Languages University

    Dr. Muthyala Udaya is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of ESL Studies at The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU), Hyderabad. She holds a Ph.D. in English Language Education and brings over sixteen years of dedicated university-level teaching, research, and administrative experience. Her primary research and academic focus centers on multilingual second language acquisition, corpus linguistics, digital pedagogy, and inclusive teacher education. A published scholar and global conference presenter, she has successfully supervised numerous doctoral and master’s dissertations while actively contributing to international research projects like ICNALE. Email: udaya@efluniversity.ac.in

  • Bethala Jyothsna, The English and Foreign Languages University

    Bethala Jyothsna is a PhD Research Scholar in the Department of English Language Education (ELE) at The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU), Hyderabad. Drawing on her hands-on classroom experience as a Teaching Assistant, her research and academic focus centers on English Language Teaching (ELT), digital pedagogy, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence in language learning. An active emerging scholar with publications in reputable national and international peer-reviewed journals, she has presented her work at global forums, including the Vietnam TESOL conference. Through her research, she aims to develop technology-mediated pedagogical frameworks and foster learner agency, preparing language educators and students to navigate digital transformations in language education. Email: jyothsnaphdele24@efluniversity.ac.in

  • Chatuporn Nimol, The English and Foreign Languages University

    Chatuporn Nimol, currently pursuing a Master of Arts (M.A.) in English (TESL) at The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU), India. I hold a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) in English Language Teaching from Mahamakut Buddhist University, Thailand. My academic interests include intercultural communication in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts and the development of English language skills among EFL learners. I am particularly interested in conducting research on intercultural communication and language skill development to enhance English language learning and teaching in EFL settings.

  • Tsegaye Abie Gebeyehu, The English and Foreign Languages University

    Tsegaye Abie Gebeyehu is an Assistant Professor in English Literature at Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia. He received his BA from Wollo University in 2011 and his MA in English literature from Bahir Dar University in 2013. He published several scholarly articles on oral literature, literature in the language classroom, and literary techniques. He is now a PhD scholar in English Literature at the English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad, India. His research areas include literary theory and criticism, literary trauma studies, memory studies, literature, violence and torture, eco-criticism, gender studies, etc. Email: tsegayeabiephd2023@efluniversity.ac.in

References

Ahmed, S. K., Mohammed, R. A., Nashwan, A. J., Ibrahim, R. H., Abdalla, A. Q., Ameen, B. M. M., & Khdhir, R. M. (2025). Using thematic analysis in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2025.100198

Albl-Mikasa, M., Ehrensberger-Dow, M., Gieshoff, A. C., & Hunziker Heeb, A. (2024). English as a lingua franca in interpreting and translation: A survey of practitioners. Frontiers in Communication, 9, 1413110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1413110

Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7

Baker, W. (2012). English as a lingua franca in Thailand: Characterisations and implications. Englishes in Practice, 1(1), 18–27. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/395235/

Baker, W., Boonsuk, Y., Ra, J. J., Sangiamchit, C., & Snodin, N. (2025). Thai study abroad students as intercultural citizens: Developing intercultural citizenship through English medium education and ELT. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 45(1), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2022.2096569

Boonmatun, S., & Huttayavilaiphan, R. (2025). Intercultural communication in the temple: Challenges and strategies for Thai monks using English to share Buddhist teachings. World Journal of English Language, 15(5), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v15n5p141

Boonsuk, Y. (2025). “Oh, this person speaks English in this way; they ‘must be Thai’ or they ‘must be Chinese’”: Developing global Englishes awareness among Thai secondary ELT stakeholders. System, 133, 103733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2025.103733

Boonsuk, Y. (2025). “Sorry, again again…”: ASEAN ELF communication strategies in multilingual Thai EMI classrooms. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 36(1), 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12796

Boonsuk, Y. (2026). When EFL meets ELF: Negotiating intelligibility and intercultural communication in ASEAN EMI classrooms. Language Awareness. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2026.2626503

Boonsuk, Y., & Fang, F. (2026). IELTS through test takers' eyes: Insights into academic impact and Global Englishes integration. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.25003.boo

Boonsuk, Y., Ambele, E. A., & McKinley, J. (2021). Developing awareness of Global Englishes: Moving away from ‘native standards’ for Thai university ELT. System, 99, 102511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102511

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.

Byram, M. (1997a). Cultural awareness as vocabulary learning. Language Learning Journal, 16(1), 51–57.

Byram, M. (1997b). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.

Canagarajah, A. S. (2013). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073889

Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.1.1

Channuwong, S., Weerachareonchai, P., Wang, X., Naude, A., & Kanchanasomsak, R. (2025). Teacher origin and the development of English proficiency and cross-cultural competence to improve quality education of Thai university students: A phenomenological inquiry. Scientific Culture, 11(4).

Chanwaiwit, P., & Kantisa, P. (2022). Thai teachers’ attitudes towards English as a lingua franca: A longitudinal study. ELT Echo: The Journal of English Language Teaching in Foreign Language Context, 7(2), 119–133.

Chittaphone, V., & Huttayavilaiphan, R. (2026). An Investigation of Barriers and Strategies in English-Speaking Skills for Buddhist Monks during Chatting Activities with Foreigners. Journal of Social Science Panyapat, 8(1), 263-282.

Cogo, A. (2010). Strategic use and perceptions of English as a lingua franca. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 46(3), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10010-010-0013-7

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dao Thi Thu, T., Vu Thuy, H., Nguyen Thi Thu, T., & Tran Thi , Y. (2026). Evaluating the impact of emotional regulation on the pedagogical communication skills of students in educational training universities: Evidence from quantitative analysis. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(5), 97-124. https://doi.org/10.32674/ryrzwd39

Dörnyei, Z., & Scott, M. L. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies. Language Learning, 47(1), 173–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.51997005

Færch, C., & Kasper, G. (Eds.). (1983). Strategies in interlanguage communication. Longman.

Fenilli, L., Pok Ting, S. S., Suzuki, A., & Cogo, A. (2026). Chapter I. English language: 12. English as a lingua franca. The Year's Work in English Studies, maaf105.https://doi.org/10.1093/ywes/maaf105

Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. SAGE Publications.

https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2026.47.2.15

Hussain, S., Nshom, E., & Lin, J. (2025). Intercultural communication competence from 2000 to 2024: A systematic review. Review of Communication, 25(4), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2025.2555009

Huttayavilaiphan, R. (2024). Embracing global voices: An exploration of Thai teachers’ attitudes and practices on culturally diverse ELT materials in a northern Thai university. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 24(3), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v24i3.813

Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford University Press.

Jenkins, J. (2014). English as a lingua franca in the international university: The politics of academic English language policy. Routledge.

Kachru, B. B. (Ed.). (1992). The other tongue: English across cultures (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press.

Khamwan, T. (2023). Developing communication strategies instruction used in an English as a lingua franca academic context. English Language Teaching, 16(2), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v16n2p141

Khuanmuang, C., & Wongthai, N. (2026). Politeness strategies and speech acts used when handling problems during intercultural encounters: A case study of Thai cruise embarkation officers. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 47(2), 470215 470217.

Kirkpatrick, A. (Ed.). (2010a). The Routledge handbook of world Englishes. Routledge.

Kosashunhanan, K. (2025). Investigating intercultural communicative competence of Thai EFL undergraduates: Implications for pedagogies. Social Sciences Research and Academic Journal, 20(2), 27–42. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JSSRA/article/view/276702

Kulsawang, P., & Ambele, E. A. (2025). Interactional pragmatic strategies in a Thai university English language classroom. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 14(3), 236–253. https://ideas.repec.org/a/asi/ijells/v14y2025i3p236-253id5544.html

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.

Liu, Y., Nguyen, N. D. D., Nguyen, H. C., & Wannaruk, A. (2025). Rhetorical move structures and politeness strategies employed in request and refusal emails by international students in a Thai ELF context. Cogent Education, 12(1), 2466284. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2025.2466284

Mauranen, A. (2012). Exploring ELF: Academic English shaped by non-native speakers. Cambridge University Press.

Mwita, K. (2022). Strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research in social science studies. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(6), 618–625.

Namfah, N., & Kulsitthiboon, S. (2025). Promoting intercultural awareness among Thai EFL tertiary students through inquiry-based learning and digital platforms in a virtual classroom. THAITESOL Journal, 38(1), 62–84. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/thaitesoljournal/article/view/276184

Namsaeng, P., & Ambele, E. A. (2024). Integrating intercultural competence into the curriculum: A catalyst for critical thinking in Thai tertiary education. THAITESOL Journal, 37(2), 74–95. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/thaitesoljournal/article/view/268999

Ngo, P. L. H. (2024). EMI programmes in Vietnamese higher education: A case study of translanguaging practices for inclusive education. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 13(1), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2024-2008

Özkaynak, O. (2023). Translanguaging in applied linguistics: A comprehensive systematic review. L2 Journal, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5070/L2.2460

Pattaraworathum, N. (2025). Investigating intercultural awareness development and attitudes towards intercultural activities in an English for intercultural communication course: A case study of Thai university students. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 18(2), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.70730/GLIW9414

Roberts, G. (2015). A study of the English language learning challenges that inhibit displaced medical professionals from returning to practice in the UK [Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff Metropolitan University]. https://doi.org/10.25401/cardiffmet.11744085.v1

Rose, H., & McKinley, J. (2025). Global Englishes and TESOL: An editorial introduction to innovating research and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 59(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3373

Saienko, N., & Bogdan, Z. (2026). Enhancing Engineering Students’ Flexible Communication Skills through Digital Learning Environments to Support International Cooperation. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(3), 243-262. https://doi.org/10.32674/qt05q533

Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Understanding English as a lingua franca. Oxford University Press.

Shibata, M. (2026). Japanese in an EMI environment: Language practices and identity construction among Chinese international students in Japan. Frontiers in Education, 11, 1712009. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1712009

Shofiya, A., & Basuni, M. (2023). Communication strategies performed in an English as lingua franca context and their contributions toward students' engagement. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v8i2.1439

Simmali, J., & Huttayavilaiphan, R. (2025). Intercultural communication barriers and strategies of Thai Buddhist monks with foreigners at an international Buddhist center in Thailand. Journal of Social Science Panyapat, 7(1), 223–240.

Smith, O. (2025). Cultural contexts in English language teaching: Balancing global standards with local relevance. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 30(10), 16–28. DOI: 10.9790/0837-3010021628

Suminto, E. A., & Ena, O. T. (2024). The use of English as a lingua franca in teaching Thai students: The perspectives from Indonesian teachers. Premise: Journal of English Education, 13, 725. https://doi.org/10.24127/pj.v13i3.8880

Suoc, M. F., Lastino, J., Lukingan, J., Baraoil, M. R., & Pelila, J. R. (2025). How is English as a lingua franca (ELF) transforming education in ASEAN universities? Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.56916/jmrd.v2i1.1024

Tarone, E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage. Language Learning, 30(2), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00326.x

Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. Guilford Press.

Tisdell, E. J., Merriam, S. B., & Stuckey-Peyrot, H. L. (2025). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.

Tsai, Y. (2025). Asian students' perceptions of English as a lingua franca arising from intercultural communication in the global society. Journal of Education and Learning, 14(4), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v14n4p12

Walkinshaw, I. (2023). Pragmatic strategies in English as a lingua franca: Preventative and reactive approaches to mutual understanding. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 12(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2023-2003

Witayarat, N. (2023). Where multicultural worldviews begin: Development of Thai university students' intercultural competence through their life experiences and formal education. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 187–198. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/kjss/article/view/264464

Wongnam, P., & Jaroongkhongdach, W. (2026). Intercultural communication challenges and strategies for the Thai undergraduate hotel interns. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 68.

Yang, S. (2025). Identity, investment, and poetic autoethnography: Becoming an agentive TESOL professional through critical translanguaging. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 250713, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.58304/ijts.250713

Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (Vol. 6). SAGE Publications.

Additional Files

Published

2026-09-10

Issue

Section

Education, Society, and Cultural Contexts

How to Cite

Simmali, J., Udaya , M., Jyothsna, B., Nimol, . . C., & Gebeyehu, T. A. (2026). Intercultural communicative competence in the Global South: A case study of Thai students. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.32674/6c3frs24